Methods and systems using polarization modulated electromagnetic waves

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems using polarization modulated electromagnetic waves. At least some of the illustrative embodiments are systems comprising a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader, and a RFID tag (the RFID tag communicatively coupled to the RFID reader). The RFID tag is configured to transmit data to the RFID reader with data encoded in polarization of electromagnetic waves transmitted from the RFID tag.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation, of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/847,383, filed Aug. 30, 2007, which is scheduled to issue asU.S. Pat. No. 8,400,269 on Mar. 19, 2013, the disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF INVENTION

At least some of the various embodiments are directed to transmittingdata between devices using polarization modulation of electromagneticwaves or signals.

DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags communicate binary data toRFID readers using on-off signaling or modulation. For example, when aRFID tag transmits to the RFID reader the transmission of power may beconsidered a one, and the RFID tag not transmitting may be considered azero. While on-off modulation may make RFID tag design relativelysimple, and likewise may make RFID reader design relatively simple, thedata transmission rate and communication range are limited. The rangelimitation is particularly prevalent when the RFID tag “transmits” inthe form of backscattered electromagnetic signals. Any mechanism whichincreases the data transmission rate and/or range would be desirable.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a detailed description of various embodiments, reference will now bemade to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 shows a radio frequency identification (RFID) system inaccordance with at least some embodiments;

FIG. 2 shows a more detailed system in accordance with at least someembodiments;

FIG. 3 shows various signals in accordance with at least someembodiments;

FIG. 4 shows various signals in accordance with at least someembodiments;

FIG. 5 shows various signals in accordance with at least someembodiments;

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of decoding/demodulating in accordance withat least some embodiments;

FIG. 7 shows various signal in accordance with embodiments of the FIG.6;

FIG. 8 shows an RFID tag in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 9 shows a patch antenna in accordance with some embodiments; and

FIG. 10 shows a method in accordance with some embodiments.

NOTATION AND NOMENCLATURE

Certain terms are used throughout the following description and claimsto refer to particular system components. As one skilled in the art willappreciate, design and manufacturing companies may refer to the samecomponent by different names. This document does not intend todistinguish between components that differ in name but not function. Inthe following discussion and in the claims, the terms “including” and“comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should beinterpreted to mean “including, but not limited to . . . ”

Also, the term “couple” or “couples” is intended to mean either anindirect or direct connection. Thus, if a first device couples to asecond device, that connection may be through a direct connection orthrough an indirect connection via other intermediate devices andconnections. Moreover, the term “system” means “one or more components”combined together. Thus, a system can comprise an “entire system,”“subsystems” within the system, a single antenna with multiple feedpoints, a group of individual antennas, a radio frequency identification(RFID) tag, a RFID reader, or any other device comprising one or morecomponents.

In the specification and in the claims, using “different” or “differing”electric field polarization means that at least two or more electricfield polarizations may be used. The fact that two or more polarizationsmay have fleeting similarities does not obviate that differingpolarizations are used. For example, a vertically polarizedelectromagnetic wave is considered for this specification and claims tohave a differing electric field polarization from a circularly polarizedelectromagnetic wave even though twice per wavelength the circularlypolarized electromagnetic have has a fleeting vertical electric fieldpolarization. Similarly, a right-circularly polarized electromagneticwave, for purposes of this disclosure and claims, has a differingelectric field polarization than a left-circularly polarizedelectromagnetic wave.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates a system 1000 in accordance with at least someembodiments. In particular, system 1000 comprises an electronic system10 (e.g. a computer system) coupled to a radio frequency identification(RFID) reader 12. The RFID reader 12 may be equivalently referred as aninterrogator. By way of antenna system 14, the RFID reader 12communicates with one or more RFID tags 16A-16C proximate to the RFIDreader (i.e., within communication range). The RFID reader 12 may beplaced in operational relationship with the RFID tags 16 in many ways.For example, in some embodiments, the RFID reader 12 and/or antenna 14may be associated with a doorway or portal through which the RFID tags16 and underlying attached objects travel. In other embodiments, theRFID reader 12 and/or antenna 14 may be associated with a portabledevice configured to be carried to be proximate to the RFID tags 16.

Considering a single RFID tag 16A (but the description equallyapplicable to all the RFID tags 16A-16C), RFID tag 16A comprises a tagantenna system 17A which couples to an RFID circuit 18A. The RFIDcircuit 18A implements in hardware (or a combination of hardware andsoftware) various state machines, microprocessors, logic or othercircuits to enable the RFID circuit 18A to receive signals from the RFIDreader 12, and to respond to those signals in accordance with thevarious embodiments.

A communication sent by the RFID reader 12 is received by tag antennasystem 17A, and passed to the RFID circuit 18A. In response to thecommunication, the RFID circuit 18 transmits to the RFID reader 12 theresponse (e.g. the electronic product code, user defined data and killpasswords) using the tag antenna system 17A. The RFID reader 12 passesdata obtained from the various RFID tags 16 to the electronic system 10,which performs any suitable function. For example, the electronic system10 may be configured to track the RFID tags in accordance with aninventory management process.

There are several types of RFID tags operable in the illustrative system1000. For example, RFID tags may be active tags, meaning each RFID tagcomprises its own internal battery or other power source. Using powerfrom the internal power source, an active RFID tag monitors forinterrogating signals from the RFID reader 12. When an interrogatingsignal directed to the RFID tag is sensed, the tag response may betag-radiated electromagnetic waves using power from the internal batteryor power source. A semi-active tag may likewise have its own internalbattery or power source, but a semi-active tag remains dormant (i.e.,powered-off or in a low power state) most of the time. When an antennasystem of a semi-active tag receives an interrogating signal, the powerreceived is used to activate the semi-active tag, and a response (ifany) comprising an identification value is sent by electromagnetic wavebackscatter from the tag antenna, with the semi-active tag using powerfor internal operations from its internal battery or power source. Inparticular, the RFID reader 12 continues to transmit electromagneticwaves after the RFID tag is awake. While the RFID reader 12 transmitsthe tuning of the tag antenna system 17 is manipulated. When tuned (andwith respect to a particular electric field polarization (hereinafterjust polarization)), significant incident power is absorbed by the tagantenna system 17. When de-tuned (with respect to the particularpolarization), significant power is reflected by the tag antenna system17 to the antenna system of the RFID reader 12. In accordance with thevarious embodiments, the data value modulates the turning to form thereflected or backscattered electromagnetic waves. The RFID reader 12reads the data or identification value from the backscatteredelectromagnetic waves. Thus, in this specification and in the claims,the terms “transmitting” and “transmission” include not only sendingfrom an antenna system using internally sourced power, but also sendingin the form of backscattered signals.

A third type of RFID tag is a passive tag, which, unlike active andsemi-active RFID tags, has no internal battery or power source. The tagantenna system 17 of the passive RFID tag receives an interrogatingsignal from the RFID reader, and the power extracted from the receivedinterrogating signal is used to power the tag. Once powered or “awake,”the passive RFID tag may accept a command, transmit a responsecomprising a data or identification value, or both; however, like thesemi-active tag the passive tag sends the response in the form of RFbackscatter.

FIG. 2 shows a more detailed system 2000 in accordance with someembodiments. In particular, FIG. 2 shows the RFID reader 12 coupled tothe reading antenna system 24. Reading antenna system 24 in accordancewith at least some embodiments has the ability to transmit and receiveelectromagnetic waves in a plurality of polarizations. To illustrate theability to transmit and receive in a plurality polarizations, in FIG. 2the reading antenna system 24 is illustrated as two antennas 30 and 32.Antenna 30 is schematically shown upright to signify polarizationassociated with a first feed point (e.g. feed point 34 which, when used,may transmit or receive electromagnetic waves having an illustrativevertical polarization). Likewise, antenna 32 is shown prone to signifypolarization associated with a second feed point (e.g. feed point 36which, when used, may transmit or receive electromagnetic waves havingan illustrative horizontal polarization). The reading antenna system maybe multiple individual antennas as shown (with each antenna having afeed point), or the reading antenna system may be a single antennahaving multiple feed points (e.g. a patch antenna) where each feed point(or group of feed points) is associated with a different polarization.Moreover, while only two antennas 30 and 32 illustrative of twopolarizations are shown in FIG. 2, more than two polarizations arecontemplated in other embodiments.

Regardless of the type of RFID tag used in the system (i.e., active,semi-active or passive), the RFID reader 12 initiates communication bytransmission of an interrogating electromagnetic wave or interrogatingsignal. For systems using active tags, the interrogating electromagneticwave has a relatively short duration, and then ceases so that the activetag may transmit using power from a power source internal to the RFIDtag. For semi-active and passive tags, however, the interrogatingelectromagnetic wave continues so that communication in the form ofbackscattered electromagnetic waves may take place. In accordance withat least some embodiments, an interrogating electromagnetic wave is senthaving a single polarization (e.g. sent from illustrative antenna 30 orantenna 32). For example, in systems using active tags, an interrogatingelectromagnetic signal of a single polarization may be sufficient toalert the active RFID tags of an upcoming transmission or to arm theactive RFID tags to transmit internal data. In other embodiments, theRFID reader sends interrogating electromagnetic waves having multiplepolarizations. For example, in systems using semi-active or passive RFIDtags, sending interrogating electromagnetic waves of multiplepolarizations may better ensure that the RFID tags are activated and/or,in the case of passive tags, supplied enough power to operate.

FIG. 2 also shows a RFID tag 16 in accordance with some embodiments. Inparticular, the RFID tag 16 comprises a RFID circuit 18 coupled to a tagantenna system 17. Tag antenna system 17 in accordance with at leastsome embodiments has the ability to transmit and receive electromagneticwaves with a plurality of polarizations. To illustrate the ability totransmit and receive in a plurality of polarizations, in FIG. 2 the tagantenna system 17 is illustrated as two antennas 40 and 42. Antenna 40is schematically shown upright to signify polarization associated with afirst feed point (e.g. feed point 44 which, when used, may transmit orreceive electromagnetic waves having an illustrative verticalpolarization). Likewise, antenna 42 is shown prone to signifypolarization associated with a second feed point (e.g. feed point 46which, when used, may transmit or receive electromagnetic waves havingan illustrative horizontal polarization). The tag antenna system 17 maybe multiple individual antennas as shown (with each antenna having afeed point), or the tag antenna system 17 may be a single antenna havingmultiple feed points (e.g. a patch antenna) where each feed point (orgroup of feed points) is associated with a different polarization.Moreover, while only two antennas 40 and 42 are shown in FIG. 2, morethan two polarizations are contemplated in other embodiments.

The RFID circuit 18 comprises a tag circuit 50, which tag circuitcomprises various state machines and memory to implement thefunctionality of the RFID tag 16. The tag circuit 50 couples to eachfeed point 44, 46 though matching circuits 52, 54 respectively. As thename implies, the matching circuits 52, 54 provide impedance matchingfor antenna signals between the respective feed points and the matchingcircuits. In other embodiments, the matching circuits may be omitted, orthe impedance matching provided may be sub-optimal (e.g. the “matchingcircuits” being only a diode and a capacitor) in order to make the RFIDtag 16 less complex and thus cheaper to manufacture.

The RFID tag 16 further comprises a plurality of shorting devices, suchas a switch 56 coupled between the antenna 40 and the matching circuit52, and switch 58 coupled between the antenna 42 and matching circuit54. The switches 56, 58 are illustrated as Field Effect Transistors(FETs), but the switches may be any device capable of operating as aswitch (e.g., junction transistors, a triode for alternating current(TRIAC) or Varactor diode). The switches 56, 58 are configured toselectively couple their respective antennas to an electrical common orelectrical ground 60 (hereinafter just ground 60) of the tag circuit 50.In particular, when the RFID tag 16 is communicating to the RFID readerin the form of backscattered radio frequency signals, the tag circuit 50selectively tunes and de-tunes the tag antenna system 17 by selectivelycoupling (in some embodiments mutually exclusively) each of theillustrative antennas 40, 42 to the ground 60 through the switches 56,68 respectively. In some embodiments, the impedance matching circuits52, 54, tag circuit 50 and switches 56, 58 are all manufactured toengage the same substrate, yet in other embodiments the impedancematching circuits 52, 54, tag circuit 50 and/or and switches 56, 58 areindividual components electrically coupled together.

Consider antenna 40, switch 56 and matching circuit 52. When switch 56is not conducting (opened), antenna 40 is thus coupled to matchingcircuit 52. Any electromagnetic waves having the proper frequency andhaving polarization at least partially aligned (i e., vertical in thisexample) with antenna 40 are at least partially absorbed, and power istransferred to the matching circuit. By contrast, when switch isconducting (shorted), the matching circuit 52 is effectivelydisconnected and antenna 40 is grounded at its feed point 44, therebyde-tuning antenna 40. Any electromagnetic waves having the properfrequency and having polarization at least partially aligned withantenna 40 are at least partially reflected by the de-tuned antenna 40,and substantially no power is transferred to the matching circuit 52.Antenna 42, switch 58 and matching circuit 54 operate similarly withrespect to electromagnetic waves of the illustrative horizontalpolarization.

In accordance with at least some embodiments, data communication fromthe RFID tag 16 to the RFID reader 12 is encoded in polarization ofelectromagnetic waves transmitted from the RFID tag 16, which may alsobe referred to as polarization modulation. As an example, consider thatthe RFID tag 16 is a semi-active or passive tag, and that afterreceiving the interrogating electromagnetic wave the RFID tag sends thefollowing series of binary values: [10110101]. In accordance with atleast some embodiments, data values are encoded as a particularpolarization of transmitted electromagnetic wave. For example, binaryvalue “1” may be represented as transmission of a vertically polarizedelectromagnetic signal, and binary value “0” may be represented astransmission of a horizontally polarized electromagnetic signal. FIG. 3illustrates a plurality of signals related to the illustrative binaryvalues [10110101] to be transmitted by the RFID tag 16. In particular,FIG. 3 illustrates the binary values, and in corresponding time framesthe signals applied to the switch 56 (signals 70) and the signalsapplied to the switch 58 (signals 72). During periods of time when abinary value “1” is to be transmitted, the switch 56 signal (from thetag circuit 50) is asserted, and the switch 58 signal (again from thetag circuit 50) is de-asserted. In this illustrative configuration, theantenna 40 is shorted to ground (de-tuned), and is thus reflective, asillustrated by signals 74 (“R” referring to a de-tuned and thusreflective state). Likewise in this illustrative configuration, theantenna 42 is coupled to matching circuit 54, and is thus absorptive, asillustrated by signals 76 (“A” referring to a tuned and thusabsorptive). During periods of time when a binary value “0” is to betransmitted, the switch signal is de-asserted, and the switch 58 signalis asserted. In this illustrative configuration, the antenna 42 isshorted to ground (de-tuned), and is thus reflective, as illustrated bysignals 76. Likewise, the antenna 40 is coupled to matching circuit 52,and is thus absorptive, as illustrated by signals 74.

In the case of RFID tag 16 being an active tag, the illustrativevertically and horizontally orientated electromagnetic waves are derivedfrom power internal to the RFID tag. Thus, for the configuration of theRFID tag in FIG. 2, the switches 56, 58 and corresponding switch signalsare not needed. The tag circuit merely drives the appropriate antenna ofthe antenna system 17 at the appropriate time.

An interesting characteristic to note regarding encoding data inpolarization of electromagnetic waves transmitted from the RFID tag 16is shown by signal 78. In particular, the power transmitted from theRFID tag 16 (whether derived from an internal power source or as abackscatter) is relative constant. Having relatively constant powertransmitted from the RFID tag may mean that the data rate of binaryvalues transmitted from the tag may be increased and/or the range overwhich communications from the RFID tag to RFID reader may take place maybe increased.

In some embodiments the physical orientation of the RFID tag 16 relativeto the reading antenna system 24 is fixed. In such embodiments, therelationship of a particular polarization to a data value is known bythe RFID reader. Consider a situation where the physical orientation ofthe RFID tag 16 to the reading antenna 24 is fixed and the relationshipof polarization is that data value “1” is a vertically polarizedelectromagnetic wave and that data value “0” is a horizontally polarizedelectromagnetic wave. The RFID reader may obtain the data transmittedfrom the RFID tag by decoding only one of the signals obtained from afeed point. FIG. 4 illustrates the binary data values sent (signals 70),as well as the signal 80 associated with illustrative antenna (thesignal emanating from feed point 34). Using an envelope detector (e.g.applying the signal to a diode and a resistive-capacitive (RC) circuit),the envelope of the signals 80 may be extracted by the RFID reader 12,resulting in signals 82 which are (in this illustrative case) directlyindicative of the data values 70. Similarly, the signals associated withillustrative antenna 32 alone may be decoded to reveal the data values.

In yet still other embodiments, the physical orientation of the RFID tag16 relative to the reading antenna system 24 may be subject to change.In such embodiments, the relationship of a particular polarization to adata value may likewise be subject to change. Referring again to FIG. 2,consider a situation where the RFID tag 16 encodes a data value “1” bytransmitting from illustrative antenna 40, and encodes a data value “0”by transmitting from illustrative antenna 42, but that tag antennasystem 17 is rotated 90 degrees with respect to reading antenna system24. The polarization of each of the illustrative antennas in the tagantenna system 17 is dependent upon the physical orientation of the RFIDtag 16, and the orientation is unknown to the RFID reader in thisexample. Decoding the data values transmitted from the RFID tag 16 insituations where the orientation is unknown may take many forms. In someembodiments, a signal associated with each polarization of the readingantenna system 24 may be considered individually, with the signalultimately selected as the viable signal based on check codestransmitted along with the data. To illustrate these embodiments, FIG. 5shows the binary data values sent (signals 70), except in this caseconsider that the last two digits are part of a check code (CC) (e.g.,cyclic redundancy check code). FIG. 5 further shows the signal 84associated with illustrative antenna 30 (the signal emanating from feedpoint 34) and the signal 86 associated with illustrative antenna 32 (thesignal emanating from feed point 36). Using an envelope detector (e.g.applying the signal to a diode and RC circuit), the envelope of thesignals 84 may be extracted by the RFID reader 12, resulting in signals88. Similarly, using an envelope detector the envelope of the signals 86may be extracted by the RFID reader 12, resulting in signals 90.

Using the envelope of signals 88 (associated with antenna 30), the RFIDreader attempts to apply the extracted data to the check codes. If theextracted data matches the check codes, then the RFID reader may refrainfrom checking, or disregard, the signals 86 (associated with antenna32). On the other hand, if the extracted data does not match the checkcodes because of an inversion related to orientation of the antennasystems, the RFID reader may then use the envelope of signals 90(associated with antenna 32), and attempt to apply the extracted data tothe check codes. If the extracted data and check codes of signals 90match, then the overall data has been recovered, and no furtherprocessing is needed.

It is possible, however, that electromagnetic waves associated with the“correct” orientation of the antenna systems becomes corrupted, and thusneither set of envelope signals produces extracted data that matches thecheck codes (that is, the properly aligned signal is corrupted, and theother signal produces logically inverted values because of theorientation). Thus, in other embodiments (e.g. where use of check codesfails to reveal good data), the signals 88, 90 may be logicallyinverted, and application of the extracted data to the check codes forthe signals 88, 90 applied again in an attempt to finding matchingextracted data and check codes. Moreover, the check codes may alsocomprise error correction codes (ECC) that not only allow checking foruncorrupted data, but also limited data error recovery.

The various embodiments of attempting to extract the data by the RFIDreader 12 described to this point focus on the signals received by thereading antenna system 24 individually. However, in other embodimentsthe decoding considers the signals together in an attempt to extractdata from the transmission from the RFID tag. FIG. 6 is a block diagramthat logically illustrates considering the electromagnetic signalstogether when decoding the data transmitted by an RFID tag 16. In someembodiments, the various blocks and functions illustrated in FIG. 6 areperformed by individual electronic components (e.g. discreteelectronics, or an application specific integrated circuit). In otherembodiments, the various blocks and functions are performed by softwarein a digital signal processor. Illustrative antenna 30 couples to amatching circuit 100, and likewise illustrative antenna 32 couples to amatching circuit 102. Electromagnetic waves incident upon and having atleast partial polarization alignment with the illustrative antennaproduce electromagnetic signals that enter the envelop detector 104(which may be, for example, a diode and RC circuit). Likewise,electromagnetic waves incident upon and having at least partialpolarization alignment with the illustrative antenna 32 produceelectromagnetic signals that enter the envelope detector 106. Thesignals exiting the envelope detector 106 are applied to theillustrative operational amplifier 111 configured to be an invertingamplifier with unity gain. The operational amplifier 111 logicallyinverts the signals associated with antenna 32, and then the signalsassociated with antenna 30 and the inverted signal associated withantenna 32 are fed to a summing unit 113. From there, the decodercircuit 115 attempts to decode the combined signals. Is noted beforeproceeding that the operational amplifier is merely illustrative of alogical NOT operation. At the frequencies of interest for RIFD systems,operational amplifiers may be impractical, and other devices and systemsmay be used to perform the logical NOT operation (e.g. transistorconfigured as an inverting amplifier).

Assuming the illustrative situation with respect to FIG. 2 that a datavalue “1” is represented by an electromagnetic wave having apolarization aligned with illustrative antenna 30, and that a data value“0” is represented by an electromagnetic wave having a polarizationaligned with antenna 32, FIG. 7 shows a plurality of signals associatedwith the system of FIG. 6. In particular, signals 120 are illustrativeof the signals at point 108 (in FIG. 6). Signals 122 are illustrative ofthe signals at point 110 (in FIG. 6). Signals 124 are illustrative ofthe signals at point 112 (in FIG. 6), and in particular after invertingunity gain amplifier 111 (logical NOT). Signals 126 are illustrative ofthe signals at point 114 (in FIG. 6), and in particular after the summer1 13. As shown by signals 126, the logical inversion of the one of thesignals, and then summing the signals together produces a resultantsignal having an amplitude that, in some cases, is twice the amplitudeof the antenna signals considered alone. Moreover, considering thesignals together reinforces the resultant signal (i e., both the logical“0” and logical “1” contribute to asserted signals, and vice-versa).

FIG. 8 shows an active RFID tag 16 in accordance with other embodiments.In particular, the active RFID tag 16 comprises tag antenna system 17,comprising illustrative antennas 30 and 32 as discussed above. Each ofthe tag antennas 30, 32, however, selectively couple (i.e., may becontrollably coupled and de-coupled) to the single matching circuit 130and then tag circuit 50. Selectively coupling in accordance with theseembodiments is enabled by way of diodes and controlled current sources.In particular, illustrative antenna 30 couples to the matching circuit130 by way of a capacitor 131 and diode 132. When the tag circuit 50couples the illustrative antenna 30 to the matching circuit 130, the tagcircuit 50 enables controllable (in on-off sense) current source 134 byway of signal line 136. The controllable constant current sourcegenerates a direct current (DC current) in the direction indicated bythe arrow that flows through the diode 132, and then to ground throughinductor 133. The current forward biases the diode 132, and antennasignals to be applied to the illustrative antenna 30 from the tagcircuit “ride” the DC current of current source 134 through the diodeand then across the capacitor 131 (which appears as a short at signalfrequencies). Similarly, the tag circuit 50 may selectively couple theillustrative antenna element 32 to the matching circuit by forwardbiasing the diode 138 using constant current source 140, as controlledover signal line 142. Like the system with respect to antenna 32, thecapacitor 137 act to block DC current to the antenna, and inductor 139shorts the DC current to ground prior to the current entering thematching circuit 130. It is noted that in alternative embodiments theinductors 133 and 139 may be within the matching circuit 130. In yetstill other embodiments, the capacitors 131 and 137 may be omitted aseach antenna is an open circuit and thus there is no current paththrough the antenna for the DC current.

Still referring to FIG. 8, transmitting using polarization modulation bythe RFID tag 16 in the illustrated embodiments may be based onselectively forward biasing the diodes 132 and 138. In particular,consider the tag circuit 50 generating a sinusoidal antenna feed signal(using power from an internal power source, such as a battery), andapplying the feed signal to the matching circuit. In these embodimentsthe tag circuit may encode the data values by selectively coupling thefeed signal to the illustrative antennas 30 and 32 by selectively (e.g.mutually exclusively) forward biasing the diodes 132 and 138. Forexample, binary value “1” may be encoded as an electromagnetic wavetransmitted from illustrative antenna 30, while binary value “0” may beencoded as an electromagnetic wave transmitted from illustrative antenna32, or vice versa.

The embodiments discussed to this point have been limited to encodingdata values in electromagnetic waves having orthogonal polarization.However, the polarization modulation is not limited to just twoelectromagnetic waves with orthogonal polarization. The polarization ofthe two or more electromagnetic waves need merely be different to usethe polarization modulation. For example, to electromagnetic waves whosepolarizations differ by less than 90 degrees (pi radians) may be used.Three or more “straight” (e.g. horizontal, vertical) polarizations maybe used. Circular polarizations may be used (e.g., left circularlypolarized along with a left circularly polarized), or circularpolarization may be used in combination with the “straight”polarizations (e.g. a vertical polarization along with a circularpolarization).

FIG. 9 illustrates a patch antenna 150 that may be the reading antennasystem 24 and/or the tag antenna system 17. In particular, the patchantenna 150 comprises an active element 152 separated from a groundplane 154 by way of a dielectric material 156. The patch antennacomprises a plurality of illustrative feed points 158, 160, 162. Whenfeed point 162 is used alone during transmission (reception), the patchantenna 150 creates (receives) an electromagnetic wave with a particularpolarization (e.g. horizontal polarization). When feed point 160 is usedalone, the patch antenna 150 creates (receives) an electromagnetic wavewith a different polarization (e.g. vertical polarization). When feedpoints 158 and 162 are used together (to the exclusion of feed point160), the patch antenna 150 creates (receives) an electromagnetic wavewith yet another polarization (e.g. circular polarization). Likewise,when feed points 158 and 160 are used together (to the exclusion of feedpoint 162), the patch antenna 150 creates (receives) an electromagneticwave with yet still another polarization (e.g. circular polarization,but where the rotational orientation of the polarization is differentthan that produced when feed points 158 and 162 are used). Thus, asystem (such as system 2000 of FIG. 2) may selectively use anypolarization that may be transmitted or received by a patch antenna 150being used as a reading antenna system 24 and or patch antenna system17.

FIG. 10 illustrates a method in accordance with at least someembodiments. In particular, the method starts (block 1001), and proceedsto send an interrogating signal to a RFID tag (block 1004). The sendingmay take many forms. In some embodiments the sending is by way of anelectromagnetic signal of a single polarization. In other embodiments,the sending is by way of multiple electromagnetic signals of differentpolarizations. In some embodiments, the reading antenna system whichwill receive responses from RFID tags is used to send the interrogatingsignal, and in other embodiments an antenna system different than thatused to receive signals from RFID tags is used to transmit theinterrogating signals.

Regardless of the precise mechanism to send the interrogating signal, inresponse to the interrogating signal the RFID tag transmitselectromagnetic waves to the RFID reader using polarization modulation(block 1008). The electromagnetic waves may be in the form ofbackscattered electromagnetic waves, or the electromagnetic waves may bebased on power derived from an internal power source. In someembodiments, the power transmitted by the RFID tag may be substantiallyconstant.

In response to the electromagnetic waves transmitted by the RFID tag,the RFID reader receives a response from the RFID tag in the form theelectromagnetic wave having polarization modulation (block 1012). Thevarying polarizations of the electromagnetic waves produce differingelectromagnetic signals on different feed points of the reading antenna.Thereafter, the illustrative method decodes data in the response (block1016), and the method ends (block 1020). In some embodiments, thesignals are considered alone when decoding takes place, and testingwhether the decoded data is correct may be based on check codes. In somecases, the orientation of the RFID tag may be determined from thedecoding. For example, if the data from a particular feed point isdeemed corrected based on an analysis of the check codes that accompanythe data, the polarization of the electromagnetic signal that carries aparticular data value (e.g., “1” or “0”) is determined, and thus theorientation of the RFID tag may be inferred. In yet still otherembodiments, rather than considering the signals from the feed pointsalone, the signals from various feed points are considered together whenthe decoding takes place.

The above discussion is meant to be illustrative of the principles andvarious embodiments of the present invention. Numerous variations andmodifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once theabove disclosure is fully appreciated. For example, the binary valueencoding scheme discussed is a non-return to zero (NRZ) system (eachbinary value has an assigned physical state (e.g. binary “1” assignedone polarization, and binary “0” assigned another polarization));however, other encoding systems may be used (e.g. NRZ system wherebinary “1” is represented as a transition of polarizations, and a binary“0” is represented by a lack of transition of polarization). Moreover,the frequency of the received signals in FIGS. 4 and 5 (signals 80, 84and 86) is merely illustrative of received AC signals, and is not meantto imply any relationship between the frequencies of the electromagneticwaves and the bit periods for the encoding. It is intended that thefollowing claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations andmodifications.

Although the invention herein has been described with reference toparticular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodimentsare merely illustrative of the principles and applications of thepresent invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerousmodifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that otherarrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scopeof the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

1. A system comprising: a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader;and an RFID tag communicatively coupled to the RFID reader; wherein theRFID tag comprises a patch antenna comprising a plurality of feedpoints, wherein the RFID tag is configured to transmit binary data bitsto the RFID reader, wherein the binary data bits are transmitted usingrespective ones of a plurality of groups of the feed points, each groupincluding one or more feed points, each group corresponding to arespective electric field polarization, and each electric fieldpolarization corresponding to one of a binary zero and a binary one,such that for each binary data bit the data bit's value is based on thegroup of feed points used to transmit the data bit.
 2. The systemaccording to claim 1 wherein the RFID tag is configured to encode thebinary data bits in the form of backscattered electromagnetic signals.3. The system according to claim 1 wherein the RFID tag furthercomprises: a tag antenna system configured to transmit electromagneticsignals having one of the electric field polarizations; an RFID circuit;and a plurality of diodes coupled one each between the RFID circuit andone of the plurality of feed points of the patch antenna; wherein theRFID circuit is configured to encode the binary data bits by selectivelyforward biasing at least one of the plurality of diodes.
 4. The systemaccording to claim 1 wherein the RFID reader is configured to sendinterrogating electromagnetic waves to the RFID tag in a plurality ofelectric field polarizations.
 5. The system according to claim 1 whereinthe RFID reader is configured to attempt to decode signals from aplurality of feed points, and select a signal based on check codesassociated with each transmission from the RFID tag.
 6. The systemaccording to claim 1 further comprising an object to which the RFID tagis coupled.
 7. The system according to claim 1 wherein the RFID readeris associated with at least one selected from the group consisting of: adoorway through which the RFID tags travel; and a portable deviceconfigured to situate the RFID reader proximate to the RFID tag.
 8. Thesystem according to claim 1 wherein the RFID reader is furtherconfigured to transmit data obtained from the RFID tag to a hostcomputer, and wherein the host computer is configured to track an itemin accordance with an inventory management process.
 9. A radio frequencyidentification (RFID) tag comprising: a tag antenna system configured totransmit electromagnetic waves having a plurality of distinct electricfield polarizations, wherein the tag antenna system comprises a patchantenna comprising a plurality of feed points; and an RFID circuitcoupled to the tag antenna system; wherein the tag antenna system isconfigured to transmit binary data bits to an RFID reader, wherein thebinary data bits are transmitted using respective ones of a plurality ofgroups of the feed points, each group including one or more feed points,each group corresponding to a respective electric field polarization,and each electric field polarization corresponding to one of a binaryzero and a binary one, such that for each binary data bit the data bit'svalue is based on the group of feed points used to transmit the databit.
 10. The RFID tag according to claim 9 further comprising: aplurality of diodes coupled one each between one of the plurality offeed points of the tag antenna system; wherein the RFID circuit isconfigured to transmit the data by selectively forward biasing at leastone of the diodes.
 11. The RFID tag according to claim 9 wherein theRFID tag transmits the electromagnetic waves in the form ofbackscattered electromagnetic waves.
 12. The RFID tag according to claim9 further comprising: a power source coupled to the RFID circuit;wherein the RFID circuit is configured to transmit the data using powerfrom the power source.
 13. The RFID tag according to claim 9 wherein theRFID circuit is configured to transmit the electromagnetic waves havinga substantially constant transmitted power.
 14. A method comprising:sending an interrogating signal to a radio frequency identification(RFID) tag comprising a patch antenna comprising a plurality of feedpoints; and receiving a response from the RFID tag in the form of anelectromagnetic wave comprising binary data bits, wherein a polarizationof the received electromagnetic wave is dependent on which feed pointsof the patch antenna are active, the binary data bits having beentransmitted using respective ones of a plurality of groups of the feedpoints, each group including one or more feed points, each groupcorresponding to a respective electric field polarization, and eachelectric field polarization corresponding to one of a binary zero and abinary one, such that for each binary data bit the data bit's value isbased on the group of feed points used to transmit the data bit.
 15. Themethod according to claim 14 wherein sending further comprises sendingthe interrogating signal during the receiving.
 16. The method accordingto claim 14 wherein receiving the response further comprises: receivinga plurality of electromagnetic waves, wherein at least some of theelectromagnetic waves have different electric field polarizations; anddecoding data in the response using the plurality of electromagneticwaves.
 17. The method according to claim 16 wherein decoding furthercomprises: assuming a relationship of data values to electric fieldpolarizations; decoding using the relationship; and testing whether therelationship is correct.
 18. The method according to claim 17 whereintesting further comprises determining whether check codes in theresponse are valid.
 19. The method according to claim 14 furthercomprising: transmitting the response to an electronic system; andtracking the RFID tag in accordance with an inventory managementprocess.
 20. The method according to claim 14 wherein receiving furthercomprises at least one selected from the group consisting of: receivingproximate to a portal through which the RFID tag travels; and receivingby a portable device configured to be positioned proximate to the RFIDtag.
 21. A system comprising: an antenna system configured to receiveelectromagnetic waves each comprising, wherein the antenna systemcomprises a patch antenna comprising a plurality of feed points; and aradio frequency identification (RFID) reader coupled to the antennasystem, wherein the RFID reader is configured to receive binary databits in the form of electromagnetic waves using the antenna system,wherein the binary data bits are received using a plurality of groups ofthe feed points, each group including one or more feed points, eachgroup corresponding to a respective electric field polarization, andeach electric field polarization corresponding to one of a binary zeroand a binary one, such that for each binary data bit the data bit'svalue is based on the group of feed points responsive to the data bit.22. The system according to claim 21 wherein the RFID reader receivesthe electromagnetic waves in the form of backscattered electromagneticwaves.
 23. The system according to claim 21 wherein the RFID reader isconfigured to transmit data to an RFID tag, the data being encoded inone of the electric field polarizations of electromagnetic wavestransmitted from the antenna system.